The 21-year-old was brought on as the first change after Xavier Bartlett and Spencer Johnson had dismissed England openers Tom Banton [25] and Ben Duckett [9].
Beardman picked up his first international wicket in his second over, finding the edge of Harry Brook's bat to wicketkeeper Josh Inglis before nicking off Joe Root [17] in his next over as he attempted to drive on the up.
The young seamer picked up his fourth scalp on the first ball of his next over after getting Jordan Cox caught behind from an excellent delivery.
Sam Curran became Beardman's next victim as he was caught for a duck on the boundary by Adam Zampa after attempting a pull shot following a speedy bouncer.
The Aussie debutant paceman completed his five-wicket haul after Liam Dawson [0] was caught at gully by Jack Edwards.
Jamie Overton [4] was the next to fall for the hosts, hitting a catch back to bowler Spencer Johnson, who took a spectacular one-handed catch to leave England reeling at 65/8 after 19 overs.
Will Jacks [25 off 47 balls] and Gus Atkinson [29 not out of 32 balls] were able to add 37 runs for the ninth wicket partnership before Jofra Archer added 11 runs for a last wicket 29-run stand before he succumbed to Beardman, caught at gully.
In response, Australian were dealt an early blow as Travis Head was bowled by Gus Atkinson in the first ball of the second over for a golden duck.
However, captain Mitchell Marsh took the game to the English from the onset racing to a 30-ball fifty inside the first nine overs before hauling out to Ben Duckett at deep square leg from Jamie Overton's bowling with the score at 67/2.
Cooper Connolly [27 off 30 balls] attempted to keep up the scoring pace but was caught at backward point in the 12th over after attempting to cut a short delivery outside off.
Aussie wicketkeeper batsman Inglis [23 off 42] and Matt Renshaw [26 off 38] steadied the ship with a calmer approach to take their side to a seven-wicket victory following their unbeaten 43-run fourth-wicket stand.
The two sides will meet for the second ODI of the three match series at the Adelaide Oval on Sunday.
Australia captain Pat Cummins has dismissed Usman Khawaja's claims that the entire team knew about the use of sandpaper on the ball in the series in South Africa in 2018 as "complete and utter nonsense".
Australia all-rounder Mitchell Marsh was not going to be drawn into any comments about the ball-tampering saga in South Africa in 2018.
Cricket Australia chief executive officer Todd Greenberg insists there would be "absolutely no benefit" to reopen the 2018 ball-tampering scandal investigation following Usman Khawaja's revelations.
Mitchell Starc has rejected Usman Khawaja's latest revelation that Australia's entire team was aware of the 2018 sandpaper scandal.
